https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6710 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:57:54 GMT 2026-04-23T09:57:54Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6981 The Impact of Biological and Chemical Warfare on Human Security: A Humanitarian Law Perspective Jayawardane, BAIM The industrial revolution, scienti c inventions and technology has made tasks more convenient and e cient. Nonetheless, it has opened avenues for modernized, sophisticated security threats. Developments related to bio-chemical agents in warfare is a critical human security challenge and has the ability to threaten health security, food security, environmental security, community security and personal security. Jeopardizing aforementioned elds, paves the way for destabilized economy and politics in a country. The bio-chemical agents have a strong ability to cause super cial damage to any object that contacts the substance. It can cause both long-term and short-term injuries. Severity of damages caused by bio-chemical agents are evident from the experiences of soldiers at war zones. Considering the destructive nature of deadly bio-chemical agents, the International Humanitarian Law has imposed barriers for warring parties to use biochemical agents. However, regardless of the destructive impacts of bio-chemical agents, it can be noted that State and non-State actors deploy bio-chemical weapons in battle zones. Acquisition of bio-chemical agents by non-State groups pose even greater security threat in modern day. Per contra, States which conducted development programs on bio-chemical weapons are suspected to retain their stockpiles regardless of its adverse impacts. Given the above, this study aims to explore the impact of bio-chemical warfare on human security from a humanitarian law perspective by investigating the following questions: What are the impacts to human security from bio-chemical warfare? What are the setbacks of humanitarian law in safeguarding individuals from bio-chemical warfare? Further, the study takes up a qualitative approach and based majorly on secondary data sources. Moreover, study utilizes human security concept to analyze impacts of biochemical warfare on human security Fri, 01 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6981 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6979 Marine Environmental Pollution: A Case Study on the Indian Ocean Region Wijesinghe, MHN The Indian Ocean is the world’s third largest ocean, covering around 20 percent of the earth’s water surface. It extends northward to South Asia, westward to Africa and Arabia, eastward to Southeast Asia and Australia, and southward to Antarctica. It boasts a diverse ora and fauna, with 9 of the 36 biodiversity hotspots, including Madagascar, located in the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean, like practically every other body of water on the planet, is immune to alarming levels of marine pollution. Therefore, a problem arises to nd reasons for this marine environmental pollution in the Indian Ocean Region. The signi cance of this research is that it provides an understanding of the factors contributing to marine environmental pollution in the Indian Ocean Region and the contribution of international, regional, and national organizations to mitigate this problem. Identifying reasons for marine environmental pollution in the Indian Ocean Region, and identifying the contribution of international, regional, and national organizations toward this problem are the objectives purported to achieve by this research. To achieve a holistic outcome, the research utilizes secondary data, including data collected from previous research, articles, and books related to this research problem. Finally, the research will demonstrate chemical pollution, oil pollution, and plastic pollution as factors contributing to marine environmental pollution in the Indian Ocean Region, while also highlighting the contribution of international, regional, and national organizations to mitigate this problem. Fri, 01 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6979 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6978 An Assessment on Security Challenges Posed by Muslim and Sinhala Buddhist in Sri Lanka Digala, DMNT This study was conducted with the aim of addressing the dearth of comprehensive research on the internal and external factors driving violent extremism in Muslim enclaves in majority Sinhala Buddhists regions of the country. The main types of data collected for the study was qualitative data. Qualitative data from the study was collected from in-depth interviews with the selected sample. Sample participants selected for the study consisted of religious and community leaders in Muslim enclaves in Mawanalla, Sample size was limited to ten religious and community leaders living in Muslim enclaves in Mawanella. Data collected from the sample participant was analyzed using thematic analysis. Analysis of participants responses to questions relating to internal factors driving Muslim enclaves in Buddhist majority areas to violent extremism revealed several themes. These themes are namely political factors, lack of trust between Sinhala and Muslim communities, activities of extremist religions groups, religious teaching, culture and religious di erences, law enforcement, leadership failure, land and other resource disputes, economic issues, majority/minority concerns, and demographic factors. Based on the analysis of data from participant responses to questions relating to the external factors driving Muslim enclaves in Sinhala Buddhist majority areas to violent extremism several themes were identi ed by the researcher. These themes were international support, international in uence, and teaching of foreign ideologies. Fri, 01 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6978 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6976 National Security Policy 2030: Internal and External Challenges Rajapakshe, RDCP; Dunuwila, DDMK; Rajapaksha, RABA; Wickramanayake, WAIA Sri Lanka has been gaining a lot more attention from the great powers USA, China, and India due to its geopolitical location. It has been caught in the power rivalry of the Indian Odean Region (IOR). Therefore, it is crucially important for Sri Lanka to have a national security policy to address security threats with reference to the present context. This paper examines the importance of having a new national security policy in Sri Lanka and its e ectiveness by referring to the drafted national security document for 2030. The research was done using qualitative data by collecting data through books, articles, journals referring to the library, and online articles and journals through websites. The analysis looks at o cial papers, modernization strategies, capabilities, and strategic alliances. This study examines whether the drafted strategic goals, aims and potential rami cations of the National Security Policy would be e ective by 2030. It further examines how the policy a ects regional security dynamics and the e ciency of cooperative and strategic alliances. The need to address internal threats, strengthen infrastructure resilience, and promote collaboration between stakeholders is crucial. Diplomatic engagement, cooperative foreign policies, and integrating non-traditional security concerns are also essential. Continuous assessment, foresight, and adaptation are crucial for a safer, more secure world. The research will be bene cial for policymakers, analysts, and academics in understanding Sri Lanka’s national security and how it ts with the changing regional security environment. This paper concludes with suggestions to improve the national security policy by the government through military dialogues and diplomacy. Fri, 01 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/6976 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z