https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4441 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:57:13 GMT 2026-04-23T09:57:13Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4463 Comparative Study of the Factors Associated With Wages and Wage Differentials of Graduate Employees Between Public and Private Sectors in Sri Lanka Madumali, DWS; Samaraweera, GRSRC The main objective of this study is to analyze the differences in earnings between the Public and Private sector graduate employees in Sri Lanka using a sample of 1,421 graduate employees derived from the secondary data in the Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey, 2018. The study used the Endogenous Switching regression model to comparatively study the hourly log earnings between public and private sector graduate employees and their wage differentials under employment switching behavior. The model concludes that being male, being an urban resident, having a non-arts degree, having managerial or professional employment, have significant positive relationships with the earnings of both private and government employment while having post-graduate employment increases earnings only in the public sector. Age squared has an impact on public sector earnings showing increasing returns. Selecting government employment was positively affected by age and being married while being male, being urban and having a non-arts degree have a significant negative association with that, according to the selection function. According to the conditional predictions of the model, switching from the public sector to the private sector will increase earnings of graduates while switching from the private sector to the public sector reduces their log hourly earnings. However, graduates are still willing to move from the private to the public sector, as a result of other nonwage benefits that ensure employment and income security. Reforms in the private sector regarding non-wage benefits including attractive social and employment security options aligned to decent work goals under sustainable development goals are needed to increase attraction towards private sector jobs among Sri Lankan graduates. Article Full Text Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4463 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4462 Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Medawachchiya Area and the Huruluwewwa Areas in Anuradhapura District Senanayke, Indunil; Piyasiri, Swarna; Chandrajith, Rohana; Nandalal, Wasantha; Ranatunga, Kamal Water is a scarce commodity in North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka and people use groundwater for consumptive purposes. 85% of the rural population in the NCP obtains water from shallow and deep wells. However, human health is affected by water quality in various ways. Therefore, the present study was focused to identify the quality of groundwater in Madawachchiya and Huruluwewa by using multivariate statistical analysis. Medawachchiya area and the Huruluwewa area were both separately divided into 30 quadrants and the middle point of each was taken as a sampling location. Altogether there were 60 water sampling locations. During the survey period of two years, twenty-four water quality parameters (Temperature, DO, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl), Nitrate, Phosphate, Fluoride, sulfate, Fe, Zn, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cd, Se, Al, Pb, Mo, and As) were analyzed. Data analysis was performed by using the multivariate statistical analysis techniques as a tool. Five parameters including pH (p-0.787), fluoride (p-0.497), Fe (p-0.116), Mg (p-0.06) and as (p-0.532) were not significantly different, while all other parameters were significantly different in both areas. Three clusters in Medawachchiya and five clusters in Huruluwewa were identified. However, Medawachchiya area (13%) indicated very less amount of groundwater samples which were good for consumptive purposes than Huruluwewa (37%). Strong positive correlations were appeared in between TH vs EC (p-0.744), Orthophosphate vs K (p- 0.770) in Medawachchiya study area and TH vs EC (p-0.830), Cl vs EC (p-0.807), EC vs Na (p-0.778), EC vs Mg (p-0.788), Cl vs TH (p-0.719), TH vs Ca (p-0.715), and TH vs Mg (p-0.811) in the Huruluwewa study area. The water quality of both areas were moderated by the hydrogeochemical and agrochemical influencing factors. Study revealed that, majority of the groundwater wells were unsuitable for drinking purpose without any pre-treatment. Article Full Text Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4462 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4461 Redefining the Role of Airpower for Nation Building in Peacetime Wanasinghe, Nirosh HW; Abewardhana, AABDP Airpower is offensive by nature. In the post conflict situation after the defeat of brutal terrorism in 2009, airpower was performing its traditional role of preserving the peace for almost a decade. However, economy and development of the nation crippled by two consecutive incidents. The Easter Sunday attack in 2019 and COVID-19 pandemic. These two incidents directly influenced fields such as trading, tourism, finance, education, transportation, development and so on. The high cost involved in maintaining airpower in battle ready condition has become an extra burden for the nation with the depleted economic status. Thus, gradually truncating of budgetary allocation for the maintenance of airpower occurred. Re-fleeting plans had to be suspended. Hence, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted with an inductive approach examining the present gap between sustenance of Air Force and national interest. Further, the potentials/competencies of airpower could be utilized in nation building without hampering its primary role of assuring security, and safety of the nation was examined. During this paper following key potentials were highlighted which can contribute for national growth. They are United Nations (UN) deployment of air assets, enhance surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, restart manufacturing of military equipment, and improve research and development capabilities. Recommendations were made in order to achieve the improvements such as procuring aircraft for UN peacekeeping operation deployments, optimizing surveillance and recce, improve research and development facilities and recommencement of military equipment manufacturing. These recommendations would contribute for national growth, and support the sustenance of airpower in the long run. Article Full Text Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4461 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4460 An Analysis of Causes of Coastal Erosion in Calido Beach, Kalutara, West Coast of Sri Lanka Perera, KRL; Ranasinghe, DPL The coastal zone is key to sustainable development of a country. However, coastal erosion has been identified as a major natural hazard in the world for a long time. Coastal erosion is mainly affected to damage or destroy the various structures along the coast. This can also be a huge problem for the tourism industry of the country because the beaches play a vital role in attraction of tourists. In Sri Lanka, Kalutara is one of the most critically eroded coastal areas of the country. Therefore, it is needed to identify the spatial distribution of the eroded areas, causes and impacts of coastal erosion as well as suitable protection and mitigation measures. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze the coastal erosion of Calido beach in Kalutara. The specific objectives of the study are mainly two fold’ identification of spatial distribution of beach erosion in Calido beach, and the causes for coastal erosion in Calido beach. The study is based on qualitative analysis. Google Earth Pro is used for the completion of research objectives. Rainfall, wave climate, river flow, shoreline changes and sediment transport are the main data that was collected. The spatial distribution of eroded area could be classified as high, medium, and low by the direct observation method. The results of the study revealed that the cut of sand bar in May, 2017 is the main cause of coastal erosion in Calido beach. Accordingly, the total extent of the eroded area of the beach was approximately 0.45 km2. Further, the results of the study revealed that the length of the eroded area was approximately 3 km and the perimeter was about 5.52 km. Therefore, this study was recommended to identify suitable protection and mitigation measures for the coastal erosion in Calido beach. Article Abstract Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4460 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z