https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/3893 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 12:28:01 GMT 2026-04-23T12:28:01Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4420 Cooperative Security Framework for South Asia: A Sri Lankan Perspective De Silva, Sanath; Siriweera, W I The concept of security has undergone changes over the last two decades as having the leading concerns of security strategists. Security, today, encompasses issues such as environmental pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, the influx of refugees, hierarchical social relations, feminist security, food security, etc. which fall into the category of “human security” or “comprehensive security”. The concept of “human security” came into prominence in the debate following the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNDP proposed that the focus should shift from traditional norms of security including nuclear security to human security. The Report redefined security thus: “For most people, a feeling of insecurity arises more from worries about daily life than from dread of a cataclysmic world event... Human security is not a concept with weapons— it is a concern with human life and dignity.”1 While this concept may be useful in indicating the variety of human needs that must be satisfied, it is far too expansive and elastic to be an effective policy goal and does not offer an appealing alternative to the traditional conception of security. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4420 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4188 Introduction to Transnational Legal System in Public International Law D.G. Niruka Sanjeewani In 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia ended the thirty years War in Europe by acknowledging the sovereign authority of independent states. This event marked a new step in international law (IL). It means the treaty gave the birth for nation-states identifying national security as a primary interest. After the Cold War transnational actors were gradually emerged in the international system and with the emergence of these actors IL was transformed in to a Transnational Legal System. (TLP). For an instance before the fall of the Berlin wall and the end of the Cold War, Tom Franck who a Professor of Law at New York University observed that no one seemed to be asking fundamental questions about the legitimacy of IL.1 The legitimacy takes serious commitments underlying the practices of IL. But the legitimacy of IL was replaced in to richer idea due to the emergence of transnational actors such as international and non-governmental organizations. According to Philip Jessup TLP includes all law which regulates actions in transcended national frontiers. Therefore the term "transnational" involves a larger universe of activates than the term international which refers something involving more than a single country Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4188 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4187 Introduction to classical and neo realist, Idealist and Constructivists views on Anarchy D.G. Niruka Sanjeewani In International Relations, anarchy is a central concept which fosters war and competition among states. It can be defined as a shaping force for state behaviour, preferences and their actions. It has remained in International Relations field satisfying the answers to question about causes of war. Kenneth Waltz who is a pioneer in neo-realistic school refers anarchy as the absence of a world government and overreaching global authority that provides security and stability in International Relations. In his book “Man, State and War” Waltz defines anarchy as a conditions of possibility for or “permissive” cause of war, arguing that “wars occurs because there is nothing to prevent them”. Such lack of order is often associated with the existence of a war. On the other hand Classical Realists argued that in an anarchical system war occurs due to the destructive tendency of human nature not because of the absence of world government. As an example classical realist Thomas Hobbes describes international relations as an arena of struggle in each state is pitted against every other. Above realistic ideologies reflects that the international system has marked by persistent war and states’ behaviour. Despite these realistic views idealists have promoted the innate goodness of individual and success of political institutions in promoting social progress. According to them they too believed that states are engage in power struggles. But according to them their solution for the war is to form an alliances and institutions which promotes world peace. But their view on world peace that idealism can curtail war was shattered with the failures of League of Nations in failing to stop the outbreak of World War II. Alexander Wendt who is trailblazer in constructivism says in a socially constructed world the existence of war depends on peoples believes and if people believe in war then that is what they will act on. For them it is possible to adjust ideas of people about war and socially acceptable reactions to different situations. Along with this ideological understanding he asserted that “anarchy is what states make of it”. Therefore both aspects of realism and its counterpart theories have addressed anarchy which is interrelated with war but in different ways. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/4187 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z